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All species of large trekking the inca trail whales have been drastically reduced in numbers by trekking the inca trail centuries of intensive whaling. An indefinite ban by the International Whaling Commission on commercial whaling of all large whales gradually went into effect trekking the inca trail following the 1984-85 season. The Indian Ocean, parts of the Pacific Ocean off the Mexican coast, and most of the ocean waters of the Southern Hemisphere have been designated whale sanctuaries. With these and various other protective trekking the inca trail efforts, some species have begun to return to acceptable numbers, but others, especially the right and blue whales, are still rare and endangered. After trekking the inca trail decades of protection the number of E Pacific gray whales seems to have returned to its estimated prewhaling level. Only the small minke whale exists in populations great enough for sustainable whaling to be considered. Whale products include whale oil , sperm oil , spermaceti , ambergris , and whalebone, as well as meat, bone meal, and liver oil. Natural trekking the inca trail and synthetic materials have replaced all whale products in the United States. See separate entry on whaling for more information. largest of the toothed whales , Physeter catodon, found in the Atlantic and Pacific trekking the inca trail oceans. It is also called cachalot. Male sperm whales may grow to more than 70 ft (21 m) long and females to 30 ft (9 m). Most are dark blue-black all over; a few have white undersides. The large trekking the inca trail squarish head accounts for one third of the trekking the inca trail total length. The flippers are small and rounded, and there is a row of low humps toward the rear of the body; there is no dorsal fin. The sperm whale has a single nostril on the left side of its head, and the characteristic spout emerges diagonally. The lower jaw has a row of 20 to 30 teeth on either side; the toothless upper jaw has horny sheaths to receive the lower teeth. Sperm whales travel long distances, following the migrations of their prey. The adult trekking the inca trail females and the calves usually confine their movements to the latitudes between 40°N and 40°S trekking the inca trail of the equator. The range of adult males extends N to the Bering Sea and S to Antarctica; they join the females and young in the tropics during the breeding season. There are fewer males than females, and the animals are polygamous. The single calf, born after a gestation period of 12 months, is 12 to 14 ft (3.6-4.2 m) long at birth. Sperm whales feed chiefly on squid, octopus, and cuttlefish. A gray, cheeselike substance called trekking the inca trail ambergris , valuable as a perfume fixative, forms in the whale's intestine around the irritating, undigested beaks of squids. It is often expelled by vomiting and floats in chunks on the water. The head of the sperm whale may contain up to a ton of fine oil, known as sperm oil , and a wax called spermaceti . Sperm whaling was the foundation of the economic expansion of New England in the 18th cent. The industries founded on ambergris, sperm oil, and spermaceti resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales almost to extinction. Hunting of this species has declined, and recently the species has somewhat increased in numbers. Sperm whales are among the most aggressive of whales; they battle 30-ft (9-m) giant squid to the death and have been known, when attacked, to sink a rowboat full of whalers. They are thought to live 80 to 100 years. The pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, trekking the inca trail of the same family, is similar to the cachalot in range and feeding habits. It is 9 to 13 ft (2.7-4 m) long, black above and gray below, with a sickle-shaped dorsal fin and has two teeth in its upper jaw. Sperm whales are classified in the phylum Chordata , subphylum Vertebrata, trekking the inca trail class Mammalia, order Cetacea, family Physeteridae.